DC-DC｜Basic
AC vs. DC
table of contents
What is Alternating Current?
Short for Alternating Current, AC refers to current that changes in magnitude and polarity (orientation) with time, alternating direction.
It is often expressed in Hertz (Hz), the SI unit of frequency, which is the number of oscillations per second.
AC voltage is advantageous for long-distance transmission and can be easily transformed for varied applications. The concept of maximum voltage in AC waveforms, particularly sine waves, represents the highest point the waveform reaches.
AC is also capable of powering electric motors, efficiently converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
What is Direct Current?
DC, which stands for Direct Current, is characterized by current that does not change in polarity over time, maintaining a constant flow in one direction.
However, there are small changes in magnitude that are also DC, called ripple current.
DC electricity has a consistent flow and directionality, making it essential for various applications such as electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems.
【Download Documents】 Switching Regulator Basics
The basics of step-down switching regulators, including their operation and functions, are explained. Comparison with linear regulators, synchronous rectification and diode rectification, control method, auxiliary functions, etc. are also explained.
DC-DC
Basic
- Operation During Shutdown of a Boost DC-DC Converter
- Linear Regulator Basics
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Switching Regulator Basics
- Types of Switching Regulators
- Advantages vs Disadvantages in Comparison with Linear Regulator
- Supplement－Current Paths during Synchronous Rectifying Step-Down Converter Operation
- Operating Principles of Buck Switching Regulator
- Differences between Synchronous and Nonsynchronous Rectifying DC-DC Conversion
- Control Methods (Voltage Mode, Current Mode, Hysteresis Control)
- Efficiency Improvements at Light Load for the Synchronous Rectifying Type
- Protective and Sequencing Functions
- Considerations on Switching Frequencies
- Behavior when Vin Falls Below Vout
- Supplement－Protective Function: Output Pre-bias Protection
- Seven Representative Power Supply Circuits: From Low-noise to Boost Specs
- Concluding Remarks
- What is a DC/DC Converter?
Design
- Overview of Selection of Inductors and Capacitors for DC-DC Converters
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Overview of DC-DC Converter PCB Layout
- Ringing at switching nodes
- Placement of input capacitors and output diodes
- Placement of Thermal Vias
- Placement of Inductors
- Placement of Output Capacitors
- Feedback Path Wiring
- Ground
- Resistance and Inductance of Copper Foil
- Noise countermeasures: corner wiring, conducted noise, radiated noise
- Noise countermeasures: snubber, bootstrap resistor, gate resistor
- Summary
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PCB Layout of a Step-Up DC-DC Converter – Introduction
- The Importance of PCB Layout Design
- Current Paths in Step-up DC-DC Converters
- PCB Layout Procedure
- Placement of Input Capacitors
- Placement of Output Capacitors and Freewheel Diodes
- Inductor Placement
- Placement of Thermal Vias
- Feedback Path Wiring
- Ground
- Layout for Synchronous Rectification Designs
- Resistance and Inductance of Copper Foil
- Relationship Between Corner Wiring and Noise
- Summary
Evaluation
- Overview of Characteristics and Evaluation Method of Switching Regulators
- How to Read Power Supply IC Datasheets: Cover, Block Diagram, Absolute Maximum Ratings and Recommended Operating Conditions
- Evaluating a Switching Regulator: Output Voltage
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Introduction
- Definitions and Heat Generation
- Losses in Synchronous Rectifying Step-Down Converters
- Conduction Losses in Synchronous Rectifying Step-Down Converters
- Switching Losses in Synchronous Rectifying Step-Down Converters
- Dead Time Losses in Synchronous Rectifying Step-Down Converters
- Controller IC Power Consumption Losses in a Synchronous Rectifying Step-Down Converter
- Gate Charge Losses in a Synchronous Rectifying Step-Down Converter
- Conduction Losses due to the Inductor DCR
- Example of Power Loss Calculation for a Power Supply IC
- Simplified Method of Loss Calculation
- Heat Calculation for Package Selection: Example 1
- Heat Calculation for Package Selection: Example 2
- Loss Factors
- Matters to Consider When Studying Miniaturization by Raising the Switching Frequency
- Important Matters when Studying High Input Voltage Applications
- Important Matters when Studying Large Output Currents Applications: Part 1
- Important Matters when Studying Large Output Currents Applications: Part 2
- Summary
Application
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Important Points in the Design of a Power Supply Using a Linear Regulator
- Typical Application Circuit Examples of Linear Regulator ICs
- Input/output capacitor design and ripple prevention for linear regulator ICs
- How to determine efficiency and Thermal design for linear regulator ICs
- Protection of Linear Regulator IC Terminals
- Soft Starting of a Linear Regulator IC
- Overcurrent Protection（OCP） and Thermal Shutdown（TSD） of Linear Regulator IC
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Important Points in the Design of a Power Supply Using a Floating Type Linear Regulator
- Example of Power Supply Circuit Based on a Floating Type Linear Regulator IC
- Input/output capacitor design and ripple prevention for linear regulator ICs
- How to determine efficiency and Thermal design for Floating Type Linear Regulator ICs
- Terminal protection for linear regulator ICs
- Startup characteristics for linear regulator ICs
- Failure to Start of a Power Supply Using a Linear Regulator, Case 1: Damage to the IC and Peripheral Components Due to Hand-Soldering
- About Parallel Connections of LDO Linear Regulators
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Introduction
- Power Supply Sequence Specification ①: Power Supply Sequence Specifications and Control Block Diagrams
- Power Supply Sequence Specification①: Sequence Operation at Power Turn-on
- Power Supply Sequence Specification①: Sequence Operation at Power Shutoff
- Power Supply Sequence Specification①： Example of Actual Circuit and Component Value Calculations
- Power Supply Sequence Specification①: Example of Actual Operations
- Power Supply Sequence Specification②:Power Supply Sequence Specifications and Control Block Diagrams
- Power Supply Sequence Specification②:Sequence Operation at Power Turn-on
- Power Supply Sequence Specification②: Sequence Operation at Power Shutoff
- Power Supply Sequence Specification②: Example of Actual Circuit and Component Value Calculations
- Power Supply Sequence Specification②: Example of Actual Operations
- Circuits to Implement Power Supply Sequences Using General-Purpose Power Supply ICs ーSummaryー
- Easy Stabilization/Optimization Methods for Linear Regulators – Introduction
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